The concept of citizenship consisting of rights and duties has been considered in so many theories. T H Marshal belives that over the past two hundred fifty years the evolution of citizenship has been a move towards social equality which includes the triple aspects of civil, political and social rights with all containing commitments.\n\nOn the other hand, some theorists have pointed to the relationship between social capital and civic awareness. Taking into consideration the background variables such as gender, age, income, education etc., this study investigates the relationship between the independent variable \"social capital\" (in two dimensions, trust and dependency) and the dependent variable of “Citizenship awareness\'.\n\nThe study population consisted of young people age 20 to 35 years in Semnan Province in Iran. The sample was a stratified random sample of 385 people. This research survey was conducted using the questionnaire technique in 2012. The main question is what the level of citizenship awareness within this group is and how this could be analysed against the background and independent variable of “social Capital”? \nBased on the findings of this study the the level of awareness of these young people with regards to triple rights citizenship was equal to 40/3 rating (above average of 3 points) and on their awareness on “social capital” was equivalent to 00/2 points (well below average at \"low\"). This indicates a remarkable low awareness within this group.\n\nIn examining the variables, we found that there is significant correlation between the background variables of \"education\", \"gender\", \"age\" and \"income\", the independent variable of \"social capital\" and the dependent variable of \"citizenship awareness”. The higher level of citizen awareness amongst young women in comparison with men in this province shows a gender gap.

Laser induced Coulomb explosion of gold nanoparticles for the breast cancer has been studied by nanophotolysis technique. This method involves irradiation of nanoparticles with nanosecond short laser pulse penetrated into the breast tumor. Various parameters such as tumor depth and cavitations bubble with laser fluence, time duration as well as cluster size have been studied. Results show that the gold nanoparticles of radius 10nm, 20nm, 30nm, 40nm, 50nm, and 60 nm penetrate in 1.05cm, 1.08cm, 1.11cb, 1.12cm, 1.13cm, and 1.135 cm deep to the tumor respectively. Short laser pulse of 40 ns with nanoparticle of 10 nm radius penetrates into tumor depth of 0.849 cm. Bubble with a radius of 8.5 micron can effectively kill the breast cancer cells without damaging the healthy ones. The present calculated l results are compared with the experimental findings, and good correlation is found between the present and the experimental values.

It is believed that the level of poverty is significantly determined by macroeconomics variables such as inflation, government expenditure and unemployment rate. In this paper attempt has been made to investigate how macroeconomics variables affect the level of poverty in Iranian society. Our findings indicate that economic growth has significant effects on poverty in Iran. In addition, there is a negative relation between poverty and growth, namely increasing the growth rate leads to poverty reduction. The results of this study have also shown that unemployment and inflation have positive effects on poverty, while social security expenditure relating to government expenditure has no meaningful effects on poverty. In this study bootstrap technique is used to check the validity of the results.

This paper reports on a study conducted in the North West province, South Africa to map small scale irrigation farms using GIS technology. Farming in the region is challenged by arid conditions characterized by very limited water resource due to high evaporation and erratic rainfall. However, cultivation of crops requires large amount of irrigation water to ensure high yield. Information on the irrigation type, access to water, GPS coordinate, type of vegetables grown (carrots, spinach, beetroot etc), number of farmers (beneficiaries), total annual production, and distance to market were mapped to evaluate the potential transferable risks and the importance of maintaining proximity between farmers and consumers of the fresh produce. It was found that distances between farms and markets ranged from 60 km to 265 km where most of the farms are not located on or very close to main roads. Most significant was that the farms are a preferred cash crop, which can lift poor farmers out of poverty

It is a scientific correspondence with out abstract.

Fungal endophytes were isolated from surface sterilized leaf segments of five medicinal plants collected form district Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. Total 373 fungal strains belonging to 15 fungal genera and 18 species, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. clavatus, A. variecolor, P. chrsogenum, Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata, Haplosporium sp., Phoma sp., Nigrospora sp., Collectotrichum sp., Cladosporium sp., Stemphyllum sp., Fusarium sp., Geotrichum sp., Phomopsis sp., Trichoderma sp., Rhizopus sp. and some sterile mycelium were isolated from all the plants. The relative frequency, isolation rate and colonization rates of endophytes were used to study the endophytic diversity. The results showed that highest colonization rate (93.05%) was observed in Adhathoda vasica while it was 91.66% in Ocimum sanctum, 85% in Viola odorata, 82.81% Cannabis sativa and lowest (61.11%) in Withania somenifera. Moreover, about the richness and diversity of the endophytic fungi, highest was obtained from O. sanctum, W. somenifera, C. sativa having 8 species each, while lowest (6&4) from A. vasica and V. Odorata respectively. As the role of endophytic organisms in defensive mechanisms of plants is now well established, the present study is an important step to find new and interesting endophytes among the medicinal plants.

Objective: the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of combining aqueous extract of saffron and aerobic training on the concentration of blood non-enzymatic antioxidants in the STZ-diabetic rats.\nMethodology: 41 male rats (age: 12 weeks, weight: 314±26.7 gr) were randomly assigned to five groups 1.healthy-control (HC, n=6), 2.diabetic- control (DC, n=10), 3.diabetic-aerobic training (DAT, n=10), 4.diabetic-saffron (DS, n=10) and 5.diabetic-aerobic training-saffron (DATS, n=5). Except group 1, other groups were diabetic by injecting STZ. The 4 and 5 groups orally received 25 mg/kg aqueous extract of saffron for two weeks on a daily basis. The 2 and 3 groups ran on a treadmill for two weeks, five consecutive sessions, with the speed of 12 m/min and slope of 0% for 30 min. 24hours after the last session of exercise, the rats were anesthetizing by chloroform and sacrificed, the chest was cut, the blood was taken straight from their hearts, the blood sample was centrifuged with the speed of 2000 rounds a minute for ten minutes and blood plasma was separated in order to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutation (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). \nResults: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences between the five groups at the levels of malondialdehyde, glutation and TAC (P= 0.001). The results of the Scheffe post hoc test demonstrated that the concentration of malondialdehyde had a significant decrease in the saffron-aerobic training (P= 0.001), diabetic-aerobic training (P= 0.001) and saffron-diabetic (P=0.001) groups compared with the diabetic- control group. The concentration of glutation had the most and least increase in the saffron-aerobic training and diabetic- control groups, respectively (P= 0.012). The concentration of TAC had the most and least increase in the saffron-aerobic training and diabetic- control groups, respectively (P=0.005). \nConclusion:\nThe results of the present study demonstrated that the combination of saffron extract and aerobic training would be appropriate method for reinforcing the blood non-enzymatic antioxidant system in diabetic rats.

The present study was an attempt to analyze organizational service climate on job satisfaction and emotional commitment to organization in their relationships with the customers. This study is an applied and correlational study. The target population included all the employees (150) working in Narges Hospital, Iran, out of which 108 were selected randomly using the Krejcie and Morgan table. Content and face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed content analysis of the constructs. Reliability of the measurement was also estimated by Cronbach Alpha and found to be 0.86. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and regression analysis using SPSS software. The results showed that job characteristics and fair treatment with the employees had a higher relationship with overall job satisfaction compared to customers’ satisfaction. On the other hand, customers’ satisfaction did not have a larger effect on emotional commitment to the organization under study compared to overall job satisfaction. In addition, emotional commitment affected the attraction of potential customers but did not influence attraction of employees