Fruits play an important role in human diet and to maintain better health. Globally, India ranks second in fruits production after China. Grapes, mangoes, bananas and oranges were the selected crops for study purpose. The study period is 1990-2018. The present study analyzed the growth rates, instability and elasticity of export quantity, prices of selected India�s fruit crops and major producing countries in the world. It also dealt with the major export destinations of India�s fruits. The results showed that more quantity of grapes exported from India after bananas. Oranges export price was found to be more followed by bananas. India should export grapes to Peru, Spain and Chile; bananas to the Panama, Philippines and Ecuador; mangoes to Italy, Egypt and Australia; and, oranges to Thailand, Philippines and Mexico for generating higher revenue because there is an association of those countries with the highest growth rate of export prices with the stability in the global market. Export price elasticity of India�s grapes, bananas, mangoes and oranges was found to be inelastic. Globally, the export price elasticity was inelastic in all countries of grapes, oranges and bananas except Italy in oranges and panama in bananas. The study found that export price elasticity of mangoes was marginally higher in the Spain and the Netherlands. The study showed that the major destinations for Indian fruits are; USA, Germany and Netherlands for grapes; USA, Belgium and Germany for bananas; USA, the Netherlands and Viet Nam for mangoes; and, Germany, France and Netherlands for oranges. Globally, the current study gave useful information for importing countries to comprehend price competition for Indian fruit crops. The research may assist in planning major price policies and schemes on fruit crops and to expand exports for foreign earnings in all countries globally.

City has defined as a place of settlement for a group of human and place of their activities. Due to this opinion, city is not only a set of buildings, but a place of human settlement, social organizations, classes of families and so on. In most definitions, the concept of city has been discussed in three basic aspects: a) the groups living in city, b) history of city, which represents the human civilization. c) How to settlement in city, which represents the culture of citizens. Others defined city as a geographic place, whose political – managerial structure has reached an stage, which can have the system of production, distribution and transaction, and will lead to 1) class system 2) political system, which can provide the possible dominance of one class 3) an investing system, especially in technology and culture 4) a system for performing the transaction to other societies. This article seeks to investigate the theoretical principles in study of Islamic cities with particular reference to cultural and religious aspects. The result shows that the city planning in general and Islamic city planning in particular is always affected by the residents\' cultural and religious viewpoints along the history of the city formation. Carelessness on such issues can cause different social and habitual problems as what we consider today in some new urban spaces.

Dronning Margretes adkomst til de tre nordiske konged�mmer etter Olav H�konssons d�d i 1387 la det politiske grunnlaget for dannelsen av Kalmarunionen. Tronskiftene er blitt ansett som irregul�re og av enkelte som revolusjon�re. Denne artikkelen viser at tronskiftene var legitime og hjemlet i lov. Men ogs� Margretes stilling som enke var viktig. Hennes medgifts- og morgengavelen og hjemler til et stort arvet jordegods etter Valdemar Atterdag og s�nnen Olav H�konsson kunne blitt et betydelig fyrstelen, men ble n� lagt til kronen i Danmark og Norge. Samlingen av� kongemakten p� Margretes h�nd var resultat av en politisk prosess og ble drevet fram i samarbeid med riksr�d og aristokrati i alle tre land.