Data aggregation protocols are required in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to extend the network lifetime by reducing the energy consumption. The existing DAO-LEACH (Data Aggregation-Optimal LEACH) protocol for WSN is insecure and prone to false data injection. This is enhanced in terms of security and fault-tolerance based on Gracefully Degraded Data Aggregation (GDDA) to ensure the integrity of the aggregated data and Hybrid Layer User Authentication (HLUA) to ensure the confidentiality of the aggregated data. This data aggregation scheme rejects the false data from compromised and malfunctioning sensor nodes (SNs). HLUA consists of a combination of Secret Key Cryptography (SKC) method such as MAC (Message Authentication Code) algorithm and Public Key Cryptography (PKC) method such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). MAC algorithm is used between the cluster heads (CHs) and SNs to fulfill lower power demand, while ECC is applied for User Authentication (UA) between CHs and users. The enhanced DAO-LEACH protocol is resistant to security attacks such as, replay attacks, node compromising attacks, and impersonation attacks. It performs better in terms of energy consumption, number of alive nodes, end-to-end delay (EED), and false data detection, compared to SCAR (simple cluster-based data aggregation and routing), ESPA (Energy-efficient Secure Path Algorithm), DKS-LEACH (deterministic key management based LEACH), SEDAN (Secure and Efficient Data Aggregation protocol for WSNs), and DAA (Data Aggregation and Authentication).

History of citizenship describes the changing relation between an individual and the state, commonly known as citizenship. Citizenship is generally identified not as an aspect of Eastern civilization but of Western civilization.[1] There is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship, although this view has been challenged.[2] While there is disagreement about when the relation of citizenship began, many thinkers point to the early city-states of ancient Greece, possibly as a reaction to the fear of slavery, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years. In Roman times, citizenship began to take on more of the character of a relationship based on law, with less political participation than in ancient Greece but a widening sphere of who was considered to be a citizen. In the Middle Ages in Europe, citizenship was primarily identified with commercial and secular life in the growing cities, and it came to be seen as membership in emerging nation-states. In modern democracies, citizenship has contrasting senses, including a liberal-individualist view emphasizing needs and entitlements and legal protections for essentially passive political beings, and a civic-republican view emphasizing political participation and seeing citizenship as an active relation with specific privileges and obligations.

Different stock markets are interrelated due to the common fundamentals which influence the movement in the respective indices. Using daily stock returns from 2000 to 2010 for 21 countries paired with Pakistan, and using the Geweke methodology, the paper investigates the degree to which these stock markets are integrated with the Pakistani stock market. The paper also explores the factors that have an effect on the level of economic integration by applying fixed effect model. The result demonstrates statistically significant and high percentage of contemporaneous association between the 21 economies of the world and Pakistan. Greater comovement was observed between the equity markets during the period when Pakistani capital market and economy experience performance but less comovement was noted when KSE was under crises. In broad, an elevated export share by other economies to Pakistan has good impact on stock market comovement as well as a larger difference in inflation rates, has an inverse effect on stock market comovement between pairs of countries. On the other hand volatility in bilateral exchange rate also influences stock market comovement.

Our main aim in the present work is to study the influence of heat transfer analysis of thin film flows of a third grade fluid in the presence of magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) on a vertical moving belt. The momentum and energy equations are solved analytically by using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). The results include the velocity profile, average velocity, volume flux and the temperature distribution across the film. Particular attention is given to the combined effect of heat transfer and MHD on the velocity field. Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM) is also used for comparison. The numerical results and absolute errors are derived in tables. The influence of different parameters on velocity profile and temperature distribution is discussed graphically

We witness more and more often a diversification of the elements of underground economy, as potentiated by the effects of the global economic crisis. If in the previous years we have witnessed manifestations related to tax evasion, gambling or bribery, nowadays the aspects of the underground economy are represented by organizing criminal activities after the model of legal businesses (reception, production, transport, recovery, protection sectors) and white-collar crime. Sometimes these activities of organized crime surpass the capacity of the state to limit them as the specialists in the tax and legal areas prefer to offer their services to private employers who afford to pay them more than the state. Last but not least the globalization has created conditions in which money, weapons or human trafficking runs optimally between international groups of organized crime through the easy access to international networks of data or transport. Moreover, organized crime groups became focused on the control of financial institutions or banks, under the cover of which they could transfer huge amounts of money. In this respect, it appears that besides its positive features, globalization has created an environment in which organized crime groups have easily extended beyond state borders becoming real transnational crime industries.