Doubtless one of the heaviest penalties in legal system of every country is executionthat in the proven and\nexecuting stage there should be some conditions to consider it as nemesis in order to decree death penalty for the\nmurder. Having all these conditions sometimes conditions arise that are considered as barrier to execution.\nAccording to the nature of these factors, they are divided into different types such as research and applying barriers\nor temporary and permanent barriers, and also conditions that depend on some conditions in killer and victim. One\nof the main purposes of criminal law is supplying order and security in the society that causes criminal and human\njustice. Criminal law should be written so that not to provide the conditions of misuse from criminal laws. Criminal\nlaws represent the ability of government in establishing social order and security. Therefore, when an action is\nrecognized as crime on the behalf of the legislator and penalty is considered thereof, it represent the fact that it is an\naction of violating social security and justice. The researcher in this study analyzed the most important barriers for\nnemesis in Iran’s criminal law. Iran’s criminal laws are derived from Shiite jurisprudence in regulating human\nright and social public goods, but unfortunately by appointing vague, abstract and incomplete laws, not only it\nfail to reach the target, but also using these laws it provide the possibility of misusing law for computation of\nkiller from death sentence.

Mental constituent, as one of the main cornerstones of deliberate crimes, is interpreted as the criminal\'s\nlatent intention and conduct, where the criminal\'s will is directed towards the prohibited action and the\nrealization of the result which has been considered a crime by the penal lawmaker. It is also considered to be\none of the most important and difficult elements in interpreting a murder as a deliberate or an unintentional by\nthe judiciaries. For the abovementioned reasons, the researcher is interested in studying and analyzing the\nmental constituent in Iranian law. The researcher also tries to define the mental constituent and analyze the\nlegal articles related to it as well. The impediments towards the mental attribution of murder are also studied in this article

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between corporate governance and corporate transparency in the cement industry and basic metals companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Hence, from the various criteria applied in several studies for assessing corporate governance, we select these criteria: board independence, ownership of institutional shareholders, ownership concentration and CEO duality tasks. For measuring the quality of corporate transparency, disclosure quality criteria published by the stock exchange has been used for all companies. We first sorting the collecting data by EXCEL and then by correlation test and simple and multiple regression in SPSS software we analyzes the data. Results indicate a direct significant relationship between the ownership of institutional shareholders and ownership concentration and corporate transparency, and an inverse significant relationship between board independence and CEO duality duties and corporate transparency in these industries.

The subject of the article is a scientist Milutin Milankovitch who proposed the theory of climate changes: slow changes and variations in the Earth\'s orbit throughout history coincide with the periods of deglaciations over the past million years. Milutin Milankovitch, a geophysicist and climatologist is best known for the most significant theory of the Ice Ages in the history of science. The American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has ranked Milankovitch among the 15 best scientists in history who have shaped our civilization. Peter Huybers, a professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University, tested many hypotheses about climate changes, but he confirmed one that proposed Milankovitch. The Milankovitch Theory of climate changes states that slow changes and variations in the Earth\'s orbit throughout history coincide with the periods of deglaciations (gradual melting away of a glacier) over the past million years. While Peter Huybers was the first to test the connection between the Earth\'s orbital cycles and deglaciations, Milutin Milankovitch was the first to launch and mathematically prove this hypothesis in the first half of the Twentieth Century.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between two types of organizational structure (organic or mechanical) and the organizational technology includes four classification; simple, engineering, art and complex technology.\n We have considered Charls Perrow model due to standard questionnaires were used to evaluate organizational structure and types of technology (through formalization, centralization, complexity questionnaires for function structure and analyzing the problem for technology types). At the next step we have used independence test for main and secondary hypothesis in our research by using spss software based on chi-square statistic at 95% confidence level ( = 5%). The results of the statistical analysis indicate the significant relationship between mechanical organizational structure and simple & engineering technology. Also these results indicate the significant relationship between organic organizational structure and art & complex technology. According to these results, the main hypothesis of this research has been proven and we concluded that there is a significant relationship between the amount of benefits of organizational structure and benefits of organizational technology.\n At the end of the research, we have recommended the enhancing of organizational productivity and converting the mechanical structures (with low complexity and high centralization and formalization) to organic organizational structure (with high complexity and low formalization and centralization) in the globalization and joining of Iran to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the extension field of international competition.

A novel method was introduced to synthesize biocompatible carbon-encapsulated magnetic iron nanoparticles, in which starch both functioned as precursor and as stabilizer for iron nanoparticles. The structure, size distribution, phase composition, magnetic properties and oxidation resistance of the as-obtained particles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Results show that the carbon-coated iron nanoparticles are spherical particles with a diameter of 20-40 nm feature well-constructed core/shell structures with an iron core inside and an onion skin carbon layer outside, carbon layers can protect inner iron core from been oxidized, the hysteresis curves show that with the increase of iron content the saturation magnetization, remanence magnetization andintrinsic coercive force increasing. While the ratio of remanence to saturation magnetization (Mr/Ms)of all the sample less than 0.25, implying that they are super-paramagnetic at room temperature.

This paper presents the synthesis of metal-containing carbon amorphous composite (a-C:Me) films deposited by the thermionic vacuum arc(TVA) method, using two electron beams emitted by externally heated cathodes; applying high voltages (1-5kV) between cathodes and the two anodes (C and Me:Sn,Al,Cu), two bright plasma were ignited in C and Me atoms. The chemical composition, morphology, microstructure and crystallographic properties of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

A fuel cell is a device that can directly transfer chemical energy to electric and thermal energy. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are highly efficient power generators, achieving up to 50-60% conversion efficiency, even at sizes of a few kilowatts. There are several compelling technological and commercial reasons for operating H2/air PEM fuel cells at temperatures above 100 °C; rates of electrochemical kinetics are enhanced, water management and cooling is simplified, useful waste heat can be recovered, and lower quality reformed hydrogen may be used as the fuel. All of the High Temperature PEMFC model equations are solved with finite element method using commercial software package COMSOL Multiphysics. The results from PEM fuel cell modeling were presented in terms of reactant (oxygen and hydrogen) concentrations and water concentration in the anode and cathode gases; the polarization curve of the cell was also displayed