Education open to the challenges of the future is focused on shaping cognitive and emotional-social competences regulating constructive coping with problems and the quality of life. The present study verifies effectiveness of applying the self-determination theory (SDT) in mathematics teaching methodology. In the experimental group, 62 primary school fifth graders carried out for 10 months maths lessons, according to the original programme, prioritizing three needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness. The results revealed statistically significant increase in: 1) positive attitude to mathematics (measured by semantic differential technique), 2) emotional-social competences (measured by KA scale from the TROS-KA battery), 3) mathematical achievements (measured by maths test and school grades). The results were different in the control group (N = 59), where decrease in positive attitude towards mathematics, no significant increase in emotional-social competences and decrease in maths grades were observed. The SDT implementation in math education should be included as the strategy for promoting STEM among students from the beginning of education. This is vital in the educational systems, where attitudes towards mathematics are negative what translates into a significant decrease in students\' involvement in learning mathematics and the associated unsatisfactory effectiveness of methodological activities.

The aim of this study was to examine the compatibility and individuation of spouses in discordant and normal families in Gonaveh city. The statistical universe of this research includes all the spouses living in Gonaveh city in 1390 (A.H.). The sample consists of 120 families from among 60 families were voluentarily chosen as incompatible spouses. In the meantime, using cluster method 60 families were selected from among families who have not been referred to the Justice Department and now haven\'t got serious differences. The research devices consisted of three questionnaires (Self-Differentiation Questionnaire, ENRICH marital satisfaction questionnaires, Family Assessment Device FAD). Test and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a significant difference among compatibility, individuation, and marital satisfaction of spouses in incompatible and normal families.

The main aim of the present study is to compare the selective attention, executive performance and excitement intelligence between military, actor artists and usual people (civilians, non-artists). Based on the hypothesis of the study, the existence of regularity and cohesion in daily programs in military people can make a significant difference in military people in compare to artists and non-artists people in three skills. For the reason, a sample with 120 ones in three groups of 40 people were taken up randomly and participated in the study. In order to collect the data, D2 test was used for measuring the selective attention and the London Tower test was also applied for measuring the executive function and also, the excitement intelligence questionnaire was utilized to evaluate the excitement intelligent scale in this regard. The related questionnaire is to assess the five scales skills of interpersonal, interpersonal skill, vibrating control, adaptation, and public mood. To evaluate the findings, a descriptive analysis, ANOVA and Bonferoni multiple comparisons test was also efficiently applied; the results showed that the selective attention is higher in artists and usual people and this significance is significant statistically. The executive performance is also higher like selective attention in military group than two other groups significant and there is a significant difference between scales and sub-scales of excitement intelligent test. The interpersonal skill and interpersonal and public mood and manner are higher in military and usual people; in reverse, in military group, the vibrating control and adaptation and finally the problem-solving process is significantly higher in military group

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare feeling of loneliness and locus of control (internal-external) among female athletes of team and individual sports and non athlete high school female students in Kermanshah city in Iran. Thus 240 subjects divided into 4 equal groups were selected from Kermanshah high school students as a statistical sample randomly. Feeling of loneliness was assessed by UCLA questionnaire and also locus of control was assessed by Lonson (I,P,C). The results of this research showed meaningful differences among athletes and non athletes in feeling of loneliness variable , but did not show meaningful differences for internal locus of control variable , external locus of control (tendency to chance) and also external locus of control (tendency to powerful people) among these groups. Also, meaningful differences were not observed in feeling of loneliness and internal locus of control among athletes of team and individual sports. But for external locus of control athletes of individual sports with tendency to chance and athletes of team sports with tendency to powerful people got high scores. Therefore, these team or individual physical activities and exercises specially team activities would be said to influence the reduction of feeling of loneliness in individuals . In other words performing physical activities and participation in sport places during teen ages and youths cause personality balance, prevention and recovery from psychological disorders such as feeling of loneliness in people

Obesity is associated with inflammation, the main mechanism of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. In such condition, inflammatory markers such as proinflammatory cytokines (e.g interleukin-18) and acute-phase proteins (e.g C-reactive protein) elevate in circulating. IL-18 establishes the relation between metabolic syndrome and arteriosclerosis (9), it is the important regulator of acquired and intrinsic immune responses (10) and has a role in discordance of platlets. CRP also is a special inflammation marker and has a role in pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular diseases diabetes and cancer. Performing regular exercise training result in reducing inflammatory markers levels released from adipose tissue and thus decrease the risk of chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to survey changes of serum levels of interleukin-18 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein following twelve weeks resistance training in obese men. Eighteen obese men (28.0 ± 5.2 yr, 175.7 ± 5.7 cm, 94.4 ± 8.3 kg, 31.7 ± 3.6 kg/m2) were randomly placed at one of two groups: training and control. For all subjects, height, weight, body mass index, body fat percent, serum levels of IL-18, and hsCRP (after12-h fasting) were assessed prior to, and after training. Strength training protocol consisted of twelve weeks weight training (3 sessions per week, 10 stations, 3 sets 8-12 repetitions in each station, intensity 60-80% of one repetition maximum, rest between sets 1 min and between stations 2 min, duration of main training 60 min per each session). Data were analyzed by SPSS16 software and using Independent and Paired t-tests. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05. Following twelve weeks resistance training, serum levels of IL-18 (t =0.211, sig. =0.055) and hsCRP (t =0.554, sig. =0.061) were decreased in training group, but it wasn\'t statistically significant. Also, no significant changes were observed in control group (P >0.05).\nIt doesn\'t appear that doing resistance training for twelve weeks cause to significant changes in circulating levels of IL-18 and hsCRP in obese men. Totally, the advantage of resistance training in intervention for preventing and curing obesity can be because of known benefits of resistance training on strength and muscle mass. This is possible to be a benefit for developing performance and capabilities of daily life activities performance in obese individuals (36). Cross sectional studies have shown that muscle mass, independent of cardiorespiratory fitness levels, has inverse relationship to multi-cause mortality (37) and metabolic syndrome (38). Evidence show that maintance of a great muscle mass is possible to decrease metabolic risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases (obesity, dyslipidemia and type II diabetes)