There is an integral link between theory and measurement suggesting that validation of measures should be the first stage of theory testing. The aim of the present study was to validate the factorial validity of needs and expectations features as determinants of low-income residents’ housing satisfaction in South Africa. Data were collected by a face-to-face administered questionnaire survey conducted among 751 low-income housing\nresidents’ in three metropolitan and one district municipality in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Data gathered via the questionnaire survey were analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) which was used to assess the factor structure of the\nconstructs. SEM analysis revealed that the internal consistency coefficients were over 0.70 criterions for acceptability and the constructs show a good mode fit to the sample data. The Z-statistics analysis revealed that the construct (needs and expectations) have\ndirect influence in determining low-income residents’ satisfaction with their houses. The result advocates a practical consideration of the construct and its respective indicator variables in future development of low-income housing in South Africa.

The present research aims to study the relation of social capital with job satisfaction and commitment between three Tehran\'s regional education administration employees. As for sampling 206 employees were selected using stratified sampling method. The research instruments were the three questionnaires whose reliability were tested and approved using Cronbach\'s alpha Coefficient. The results of Pearson Correlation stepwise regression indicated that there is a positive and significant relation between social capital and its three dimensions i.e. structural, relational and cognitive with job satisfaction. Moreover, the results showed that there is significant positive and correlation between social capital and its cognitive, structural and relational dimension with organizational commitment. The results indicate that the strongest relationship exists between total organizational social capital and job satisfaction. Results showed that organizations could generate higher levels of job satisfaction and commitment if their members are able to generate acceptable levels of trust, relationships, commitment or communication, that is, social capital.

Internet is playing a vital role in our life and the number of visited Websites and visitors to those Websites are increasing exponentially. Since, most of the academic institutes are providing Internet facility for students and faculty members in their campus and majority of students are visiting different categories of Websites daily. Therefore understanding the effects of different categories of Websites on their academic and non-academic activities is one of the prominent research areas nowadays.\n \nThis paper attempts to explore the Internet behavioural patterns of students from gender and cultural groups and mining those behaviours’ relationships with users’ academic performance, curricular and co-curricular activities. Modelling these behaviours may be helpful for different stockholders in formulating academic policies and guidelines. For this purpose we developed a Web based educational data mining tool named as EDMiner (Educational Data Miner). This tool provides functionalities to understand usage patterns with respect to the category of visited Websites, and various usage statistics.

Poverty was one of the biggest social problems in the twentieth century and continues to be in present century. Very few would deny that human miseries amidst the plenty, especially when they can be unraveled through collective actions, should not be related. Poverty encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, insufficient capacity and opportunity improve one’s life. In the present research, while reviewing the concepts of poverty, various approaches to poverty and its related issues such as education, health, housing and etc. are considered. Finally, measuring poverty from different researchers’ views and their critical perspectives are discussed.

Abstract \nPoverty is a condition in which a person or community lacks the fundamentals for having a minimum standard of well-being and life. These fundamentals may be material resources such as food, safe drinking water and shelter or they may include social resources like access to information, education, health care, social status and political power, or the opportunity to develop meaningful connections with other people in society. Poverty amid plenty is the world\'s greatest challenge and eradicating poverty is an ethical, social, political and economic imperative of humankind. To eliminate or reduce poverty it should be measured. The aim of measuring poverty is usually to make economic status comparisons between two or more groups. The present research examined the measures of poverty and then consequences and different aspects of poverty were regarded. Finally poverty reduction and critiques of the poverty measure were described.

The four sources of Islamic knowledge and wisdom of the Koran is the consensus of the Quran and Sunnah and the consensus of the original sources and secondary sources of Islamic law are the reason. The research-based marketing management resources can be based on Islamic values. If you do marketing in the context of Islamic law, has always faced criticism for unethical issues in this critical area of marketing activities. In this article we can say that marketing ethics, a growing role to play in improving the activities of marketing executives. The model is also designed on the basis of market values will be introduced.